Munawaroh, A.A.Q., Al-Asyhar, T. and Izdiyan, M. 2025. Islamization and the Ethnographic Construction of Muslim Identity: The Networks of Ulama and Syncretism in Indonesia and Malaysia. Al-Irfan : Journal of Arabic Literature and Islamic Studies. 8, 2 (Nov. 2025), 568–587. DOI:https://doi.org/10.58223/al-irfan.v8i2.517.